A recent study by Niether et al. presents a comprehensive meta-analysis comparing cocoa agroforestry systems with monocultures. Analyzing 52 articles, the research found that while cocoa yields in agroforestry systems are about 25% lower than in monocultures, the total system yields—including other crops like fruits and timber—are approximately ten times higher.
This diversification contributes significantly to food security and provides additional income sources for smallholder farmers. Furthermore, agroforestry systems store 2.5 times more carbon than monocultures, aiding in climate change mitigation. They also help in climate adaptation by lowering average temperatures and buffering temperature extremes, creating a more favourable microclimate for cocoa trees.
The study found no significant differences in soil fertility between the two systems, and pest and disease incidences varied depending on the species.
Overall, agroforestry systems offer environmental, economic, and social benefits, making them a practical and sustainable choice for smallholder cocoa growers seeking resilience and diversified livelihoods.